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16-01-2012, 12:00 AM
The fact of the geographical diversity of ********************************s is one of the
first observations known to have been made about ********************************. We live in an immense world, and as we travel through out a wide geographical area in which a ******************************** is spoken, we are almost certain to notice differences in pronunciation, in the choices of and forms of words and in syntax. There may even be very distinctive local colorings in the ******************************** which we notice as we move from one ******************************** to another. Such distinctive varieties are usually called regional dialects of the ********************************.
Thus, by the necessity of occupying a particular place, a group sets
itself off from other groups. Particularly before the explosive technological advances in modes of transportation and communication which have occurred in the twentieth century, it simply was very difficult or actually impossible for most speakers to converse with other speakers who lived more than a few miles away. As a result, no one who speaks a particular ******************************** can remain in close contact with all the other speakers of that ********************************. Geographical barriers to communication as well as sheer distance mean that a change that starts amongst speakers in one particular locality will probably spread only to other areas with which speakers are in close contact. This is what has happened over the centuries in the case of the ******************************** we now call English and German. Two thousands years ago the Germanic people living in what is now, for the most part, Germany could understand one another perfectly well. However, when many of them migrated to England they did not remain in close contact with those who stayed behind. The result was that different linguistic changes took place in the two areas independently so that today English and German, while clearly related ********************************s, are not mutually intelligible .
Since speakers usually need to remain intelligible only to those peo-
ple they normally communicate with, and until quite recently, close and frequent communication between England and Germany was not possible so there was presumably a certain amount of inevitability about this process. But this also means that the same kind of process is unlikely to be repeated in such an extreme form in the case of different variants of modern English. American and British English have been geographically separated and diverging linguistically, for300 years or so but the divergence is not very great because of the density of the communication between the two speech communities, particularly since the advent of modern transport and communication facilities.
In this way, the way one speak may provide clues, in terms of reg-
Ional accent or dialect, to where he spent most of his life. If you hear some one say:
What like was it?
It is reasonable to suppose (if you are acquainted with such varieties) that he come from somewhere in Scotland, since people in England and Wales normally say:
What was it like?
People in the north of England and most of the midlands will generally say:
Do you want your clothes washing?
While the normal form for speakers from Scotland and the south of England would be:
Do you want your clothes washed?
Many other examples of this type of regional variation could be given, and any one who has traveled much will be able to supply his own
منقول
first observations known to have been made about ********************************. We live in an immense world, and as we travel through out a wide geographical area in which a ******************************** is spoken, we are almost certain to notice differences in pronunciation, in the choices of and forms of words and in syntax. There may even be very distinctive local colorings in the ******************************** which we notice as we move from one ******************************** to another. Such distinctive varieties are usually called regional dialects of the ********************************.
Thus, by the necessity of occupying a particular place, a group sets
itself off from other groups. Particularly before the explosive technological advances in modes of transportation and communication which have occurred in the twentieth century, it simply was very difficult or actually impossible for most speakers to converse with other speakers who lived more than a few miles away. As a result, no one who speaks a particular ******************************** can remain in close contact with all the other speakers of that ********************************. Geographical barriers to communication as well as sheer distance mean that a change that starts amongst speakers in one particular locality will probably spread only to other areas with which speakers are in close contact. This is what has happened over the centuries in the case of the ******************************** we now call English and German. Two thousands years ago the Germanic people living in what is now, for the most part, Germany could understand one another perfectly well. However, when many of them migrated to England they did not remain in close contact with those who stayed behind. The result was that different linguistic changes took place in the two areas independently so that today English and German, while clearly related ********************************s, are not mutually intelligible .
Since speakers usually need to remain intelligible only to those peo-
ple they normally communicate with, and until quite recently, close and frequent communication between England and Germany was not possible so there was presumably a certain amount of inevitability about this process. But this also means that the same kind of process is unlikely to be repeated in such an extreme form in the case of different variants of modern English. American and British English have been geographically separated and diverging linguistically, for300 years or so but the divergence is not very great because of the density of the communication between the two speech communities, particularly since the advent of modern transport and communication facilities.
In this way, the way one speak may provide clues, in terms of reg-
Ional accent or dialect, to where he spent most of his life. If you hear some one say:
What like was it?
It is reasonable to suppose (if you are acquainted with such varieties) that he come from somewhere in Scotland, since people in England and Wales normally say:
What was it like?
People in the north of England and most of the midlands will generally say:
Do you want your clothes washing?
While the normal form for speakers from Scotland and the south of England would be:
Do you want your clothes washed?
Many other examples of this type of regional variation could be given, and any one who has traveled much will be able to supply his own
منقول